New York: Pergamon Press. are gender-neutral and also used to refer singular, personal antecedents (e.g. In English grammar, a generic pronoun is a personal pronoun (such as one or they) that can refer to both masculine and feminine entities. And they offer a kind of paradigm example, which provides sufficient guidance for all other comparable cases. masculine person männliche Person {f} masculine pride Mannesstolz {m} masculine rhyme männlicher Reim {m}lit. [1] By “devices,” I mean, roughly speaking, rhetorical, stylistic, grammatical devices: metonymy should be translated with corresponding metonymy, syllogisms with corresponding syllogisms, grammatical moods with corresponding grammatical moods. English Portuguese translation in context, Free: Learn English, French and other languages, Reverso Documents: translate your documents online, Learn English watching your favourite videos, All English simple definitions from our dictionary. The English language has gender-specific personal pronouns in the third-person singular. Many feminists argue for the elimination of the generic man and he and the substitution of non-GM words, e.g. As a rule, the answer is no, if generic masculine nouns and pronouns would contravene a generally accepted rule of English composition. to become masculine vermännlichen [Frauen] generic masculine generisches Maskulinum {n}ling. Compare, for instance, the discussion in Anne Waddingham, ed. You can complete the definition of generic masculine given by the English Cobuild dictionary with other English dictionaries : Wikipedia, Lexilogos, Oxford, Cambridge, Chambers Harrap, Wordreference, Collins Lexibase dictionaries, Merriam Webster ... English-Simple Definition dictionary : translate English words into Simple Definition with online dictionaries. ( generics plural ) 1 adj You use generic to describe something that refers or relates to a whole class of similar things. The third-person plural they and its inflected and derived forms (them, their, themselves, etc.) [2] For this reason, careful writers avoid it when reasonable differences of opinion may arise, which will prove unhelpful to the writing at hand. 2 (Biology) of, relating to, or belonging to a genus. Das generische Maskulinum is acceptable, deemed so, in certain cases, by the German Federal Court of Justice. The doctorate regulations also (A ruling that never quite sat well with me, regardless of whether it is right as a matter of law.). English does not have a singular equivalent for u, but the he- group of pronouns has traditionally been called GENERIC, along with such … Where the noun itself is not gender-neutral such as “attorney,” “translator,” “employee,” one should use a gender-neutral version of the noun – not “chairman,” but “chairperson”; not “policeman,” but “police officer”; not “fireman,” but “firefighter.” As for pronouns, one should avoid masculine-specific pronouns, when the noun is not masculine-specific: Some personal pronouns have special uses. 3 (of a drug, food product, etc.) In all the varieties of English analyzed, plural/neutral pronouns and determiners account for the majority of usages. B. Verabschiedung] Unter folgender Adresse kannst du auf diese Übersetzung verlinken: https://www.dict.cc/?s=generic+masculine Principales traductions: Anglais: Français: generic adj adjective: Describes a noun or pronoun--for example, "a tall girl," "an interesting book," "a big house." When a German employment agreement is for a male employee, a translation into English can contain masculine-specific pronouns without reservation. Translation English Cobuild Collins Dictionary. While both German and English have the generic masculine – das generische Maskulinum – one cannot simply use generic masculine nouns and pronouns in English. In the case assumed here, the attorney goes on to determine that one, not the main, avenue of attack, will be to show how the employer insists on its rights, but disregards his client’s. The program saved $11 million in 1988 by substituting generics for brand-name drugs. Generic masculine words and thinking. "Where a recipient of an allowance under section 4 absents themse… usu ADJ n (Antonym: specific) Parmesan is a generic term used to describe a family of hard Italian cheeses. And a helpful generalization is this: what matters is not that individual words find individual renderings in the target language; what matters is that a translation reads as if it itself had been composed in the target language. Masculine pronouns, such as "he / him / his" are utilized to address both male and female when the gender is unknown. But to ignore it is not to violate it. In English, the generic masculine can be, and often is, perceived as biased language. All rights reserved. In cases in which literal translation along the lines sketched here are indicated, the guiding precept – if there is one to be riddle out here – is this: one must ignore the generally accepted rule of English composition and heed the general circumstances, in order to do justice to the source text. Gender-neutral job titles do not specify the gender of the person referred to, particularly when the gender is not in fact known, or is not yet specified (as in job advertisements). ©2021 Reverso-Softissimo. In C. Kramarae (Ed. Fourth, one can spell out who exactly is meant; one writes not “he,” “him,” or “his,” but rather “he or she,” “him or her,” “his or her” or – in cases involving, say, a legal person – “he, she, or it”; “him, her, or it”; or “his, her, or its.” (One should never, under any circumstance, use “s/he/it” as shorthand for “he, she, or it”; it stinks, it sounds just as bad as it looks.). The English language reflects the power ... carelessly, as when the masculine pronoun heis used to ... she”). In English the issue comes to a head only with the third-person singular personal pronoun, because all the other pronouns are unmarked for gender. GENERIC PRONOUNAlso common-gender pronoun, epicene pronoun. But literal translation is the exception. Such cases of translation will often benefit from a translator note, which sets out in a clear, concise, and coherent manner the reason(s) for the choice of translation and for the disregard of the generally accepted rule of English composition. Search generic masculine and thousands of other words in English Cobuild dictionary from Reverso. 2 Compare The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th Edition. New Hart’s Rules: The Oxford Style Guide. Also, the generic masculine in English was supposed to be gender inclusive, but at best it only grudgingly accepted women. For translators, and their readers, cases involving the generic masculine should be reason to pause, to pose the question at the threshold: should one translate these nouns and pronouns with their generic masculine counterparts in English? Second, one could translate each gender-specific pronoun with a placeholder, in square brackets, such as “[he/she],” “[him/her],” “[his/her],” which is to be exchanged for the proper pronoun when the agreement is prepared for use in a specific case. In the German language, there is a grammatical rule that is called Generisches Maskulinum (English: generic masculine ). List of examples of singular "their" etc. generic meaning: 1. shared by, typical of, or relating to a whole group of similar things, rather than to any…. And she files suit against her employer alleging gender-based discrimination. In general, one should proceed in English according to the rule: avoid masculine-specific nouns and pronouns when the noun or pronoun stands specifically either for a female person or for a person of indeterminate gender. How, then, should one proceed in such cases? She discovers, too, that the conditions of her employment are less favorable than those of her male counterpart: equal work, unequal pay; equal advancement opportunities on paper, unequal advancement opportunities in practice; etc. You use generic to describe something that refers or relates to a whole class of similar things. I will refer to child abuse generically (which includes physical, sexual, and emotional abuse and neglect)., ...something generically called `rock `n' roll'. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16(7), 642–662. In keeping with the generalization at the outset and in keeping with the generally accepted rule of English composition above and on pain of being regarded as sexist – one should ignore the precedent set by the German Federal Court of Justice, when one translates into English. As nouns the difference between masculine and generic. In cases of exception, the answer is yes, if literal translation is indicated by the circumstances. Put simply, to use masculine-specific nouns and pronouns is to run the risk of being regarded, at worst, as sexist and, at best, as using distracting biased language. The third-person singular has three genders, he, she, and it. Many translated example sentences containing "generic masculine" – German-English dictionary and search engine for German translations. Masculine personal pronouns are still commonly used for generic reference in many languages such as Dutch, but the results of this experiment refute the notion that a … the generic name. That rule is this: do not use masculine-specific nouns and pronouns when the noun or pronoun stands specifically either for a female person or for a person of indeterminate gender. from Jane Austen's writings. The masculine pronoun is he (with derived forms him, his and himself); the feminine is she(with derived forms her, hers and herself); the neuter is it (with derived forms its and itself). The man stubbedhis toe, or generic, e.g. It disregards her rights, not to be discriminated against, when it suits the employer. deemed so, in certain cases, by the German Federal Court of Justice, Fachliche und förmliche Vollständigkeit einer juristischen Fachübersetzung, Hinweise zur bestehenden Moderationspraxis, OLG Oldenburg: "Leivtec XV 3 ist noch immer nix", Sturz auf dem Weg ins Homeoffice ist kein Arbeitsunfall, OVG Berlin-Brandenburg: Pandemiebedingte Behandlungsverbote sind rechtmäßig, „Der zerbrochne Krug“ oder: Die Öffentlichkeitsarbeit der Bremer Staatsanwaltschaft im Fall „BAMF“, Der BGH und die "Altfälle" - im Regelfall doch prozessführungsbefugt! They will require a thorough command of the subject matter. She discovers that she was snubbed for a promotion: a generally less qualified man was promoted instead. Man is mortal. Zum heutigen Urteil des V. Zivilsenats, V ZR 299/19, Nichtigkeit des "Mietendeckels" - und jetzt drohen Kündigungen und Räumungen, Personenbezogene Daten aus öffentlichen zugänglichen Quellen sind kein Freiwild, LG Freiburg: Keine Kündigung eines Fitnessstudio-Vertrags wegen Corona-bedingter Schließung. Parmesan is a generic term used to describe a family of hard Italian cheeses. Until recently the masculine forms, he/him/his/himself, served as default forms in … Both the third and fourth courses of action can prove tricky. generic masculine translation in English-Spanish dictionary. Learn more. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2010, page 301. Zeilen und Absätze werden automatisch erzeugt. 1 applicable or referring to a whole class or group; general. usu ADV after v, ADV -ed/adj, also ADV with cl. This risk does not necessarily exist in German. Between 1990 and 2009, instances of masculine generic pronouns and determiners, expressed as a percentage of total generic pronoun usage … A generic drug or other product is one that does not have a trademark and that is known by a general name, rather than the manufacturer's name. Third, one could use the plural form of certain nouns, with all the plural forms of the pronouns, at relevant junctures, that is: wherever such use does not distort the sense or meaning. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2010, page 215. My understanding is that a similar rule applies in Great Britain. She reviews her employment agreement and realizes that she was referred to not as “die Arbeitnehmerin,” but as “der Arbeitnehmer” and that all the corresponding generic masculine pronouns were used, “er,” “ihn,” “sein.” She speaks to an attorney. Zeit für flächendeckenden "Corona-Eildienst"? As a rule, one must forgo this grammatical device in order to ensure that the translation reads as if it itself had been composed in the target language. In other words, one can deliver not one, but two translations, a form of employment agreement for male persons and a form for female persons. masculine {adj} männlich masculine {adj} maskulin masculine {adj} [qualities] mannhaft masculine Maskulinum {n}ling. In English, the generic masculine can be, and often is, perceived as biased language. What about the case of a form of employment agreement drafted in German, which is intended to be used for both male and female persons and which uses das generische Maskulinum – that is, the employee is referred to only as “der Arbeitnehmer,” with all the generic masculine-specific pronouns? The same is not true of a German employment agreement for a female employee, which uses das generische Maskulinum. Examples include firefighter instead of fireman; flight attendant instead of steward or stewardess; bartender instead of barman or barmaid; and chairperson or chair instead of chairman or chairwoman. This male bias might be caused by the words themselves in terms of generic masculine or masculine forms or by androcentrism (the conflation of men with humanity). This generic use of masculine words is a highly common practice in Dutch as well as in many other languages. —Whatever the case, the course of action will depend, largely, on the purpose of the translation and will require, frequently, coordination with the client and/or end user of the translation. generic. People sometimes use generic to refer to something that is exactly typical of the kind of thing mentioned, and that has no special or unusual characteristics. ), The voice of women and men. of the regulations in (1) includes the masculine noun promovendus ‘PhD candidate’ as well as the masculine pronoun hij ‘he’, even though the rules apply to all PhD candidates regardless of their gender. 3 The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th Edition. Undergraduates read Nothing in that precedent establishes that one cannot refer to a female person with feminine nouns and pronouns in German. Also called a common-gender pronoun , an epicene pronoun , and a gender-neutral pronoun . Eliminating generic masculine pronouns precisely eliminates generic masculine pronouns. Ideally, this generalization entails that, where the source language and the target language have identical devices, these devices should find their way into the target text, provided and to the extent that they have found their way into the source text. way of saying farewell] gewöhnlich [herkömmlich, üblich, formelhaft: z. Let us assume the employee is a woman. Different strategies of gender-fair language have been applied to reduce a male bias, which means the implicit belief that a word describing an undefined person describes a man. Diese Sicherheitsfrage überprüft, ob Sie ein menschlicher Besucher sind und verhindert automatisches Spamming. In my experience, these cases are few and far between. In short, “generic he” describes any occurrence of the third masculine singular pronoun “he,” “his,” “him,” or “himself” in a context that makes a general statement including male and female human beings, and where, therefore, “he” designates an individual who represents what is … Consequently, they should be used with the level of care appropriate to the translation and the circumstances at hand. As for nouns, one should use gender-neutral nouns. They are often drafted using das generische Maskulinum, regardless of whether they are for male or female employees. Man and he are generic masculine (GM) words, i.e. In this case, there are at least four conceivable courses of action. Known as the "generic he", generic masculine pronouns are the standard method used in the English language when addressing an "indefinite" or "undefined" individual. Leser kommentiert am Mi, 2020-12-02 09:23 Permanenter Link. One should use generic masculine nouns and pronouns whenever the need for literal translation is indicated by the general circumstances that occasioned the translation in the first place. And all too often it excluded women altogether from the protection of the law, as well as from most everything else, which is why English speakers don’t use the generic masculine any more.